建造木屋的防水常識
雨(yu)水是建(jian)筑結(jie)構內部及(ji)其周圍有(you)害水汽的(de)(de)來源(yuan)，而(er)屋(wu)(wu)頂(ding)(ding)則(ze)是防水的(de)(de)第一道防線。屋(wu)(wu)頂(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)整體設(she)計與施(shi)工時(shi)的(de)(de)細(xi)部處理均是防潮氣(qi)滲透建(jian)筑設(she)計中的(de)(de)重要因素(su)。尺寸適(shi)當的(de)(de)屋(wu)(wu)頂(ding)(ding)遮沿保護房屋(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)側墻不受雨(yu)水的(de)(de)滲漏（唯有(you)側風雨(yu)的(de)(de)襲擊除外），設(she)計良好的(de)(de)排(pai)水槽則(ze)可將(jiang)雨(yu)水排(pai)離地基。
屋(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)系統分(fen)為兩種：近乎水平或緩坡(po)的(de)(de)(de)屋(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)與人字形(xing)斜(xie)坡(po)屋(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。每種屋(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)均采用(yong)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)防水措施以阻止(zhi)水分(fen)進入其內(nei)部(bu)。斜(xie)坡(po)屋(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)有賴(lai)于地(di)(di)(di)心(xin)(xin)引(yin)力和屋(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)材料的(de)(de)(de)表面摩(mo) 擦(ca)力來引(yin)導(dao)水流向下部(bu)及(ji)外側流出。這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)系統依賴(lai)一(yi)系列的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)疊(die)材料來導(dao)引(yin)雨(yu)水，屋(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)氈墊、木瓦、瓦片及(ji)防雨(yu)板的(de)(de)(de)西部(bu)處理等。屋(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)斜(xie)坡(po)提供了地(di)(di)(di)心(xin)(xin)引(yin)力，細 部(bu)處理則起到(dao)了引(yin)導(dao)水流的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。無論是斜(xie)坡(po)還(huan)是緩坡(po)的(de)(de)(de)屋(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)體(ti)系均由許多不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)：屋(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)夾襯(chen)板、內(nei)襯(chen)、屋(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)材料、屋(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)交界面、防雨(yu)板細部(bu)組(zu)件及(ji)通(tong)風口。每一(yi)組(zu)成(cheng)部(bu)分(fen)都必須正確地(di)(di)(di)安(an)裝，整(zheng)個體(ti)系才會發揮(hui)設計的(de)(de)(de)功效。
重型(xing)(xing)木(mu)(mu)結(jie)(jie)構房屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)夾(jia)襯(chen)(chen)板(ban)附于屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)框架、梁或(huo)椽子上(shang)，為屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)體系(xi)的其他組成(cheng)(cheng)部分提供(gong)了著釘面。可參照下(xia)圖安(an)裝(zhuang)襯(chen)(chen)板(ban)。夾(jia)襯(chen)(chen)板(ban)除了擔負(fu)著屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)系(xi)統的結(jie)(jie)構基礎(chu)外， 也是整個(ge)建筑框架的重要組成(cheng)(cheng)部分。它將水(shui)分、雪、風(feng)及結(jie)(jie)構負(fu)載(zai)傳遞至下(xia)面的結(jie)(jie)構框架中(zhong)。在斜(xie)(xie)坡(po)與(yu)緩坡(po)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)中(zhong)均是這樣。在民用住宅(zhai)及輕型(xing)(xing)商用建筑的屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)中(zhong)*常見的襯(chen)(chen)板(ban)材料為木(mu)(mu)質結(jie)(jie)構板(ban)材，如APA木(mu)(mu)質夾(jia)襯(chen)(chen)板(ban)。對于斜(xie)(xie)坡(po)式屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)而言，內(nei)襯(chen)(chen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是第一(yi)道(dao)防風(feng)雨隔(ge)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，它通常采由建筑墻(qiang)紙或(huo)"氈墊"制成(cheng)(cheng)。內(nei)襯(chen)(chen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)應從(cong)(cong)斜(xie)(xie)坡(po)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)的底部向上(shang)安(an)裝(zhuang)，使上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)與(yu)下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的邊緣重疊。如有水(shui)分從(cong)(cong)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)材料滲漏出(chu)來，內(nei)襯(chen)(chen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)回(hui)提供(gong)一(yi)條自建筑墻(qiang)紙上(shang)部至屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)邊緣的水(shui)流(liu)通道(dao)。
請注意(yi)，內(nei)襯(chen)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安裝宗旨是要將水分向外(wai)、向下導引(yin)，使其遠離下面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)木質(zhi)結構(gou)襯(chen)板。如果(guo)在(zai)緩(huan)坡屋(wu)頂(ding)中使用(yong)內(nei)襯(chen)層(ceng)，則根據安裝在(zai)它(ta)上(shang)面(mian) 的(de)(de)(de)(de)屋(wu)頂(ding)類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)也(ye)相(xiang)應地有所(suo)不同。這(zhe)些功能(neng)與防水無關，除非它(ta)被用(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)"屋(wu)頂(ding)材料"的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)部(bu)分。在(zai)某些屋(wu)頂(ding)系統中，內(nei)襯(chen)層(ceng)用(yong)機械(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法固定在(zai)屋(wu)頂(ding) 襯(chen)板上(shang)，而(er)屋(wu)頂(ding)材了則黏附在(zai)內(nei)襯(chen)層(ceng)上(shang)。在(zai)這(zhe)種情(qing)況下，它(ta)起到了固定屋(wu)頂(ding)材了得功能(neng)。但如果(guo)屋(wu)頂(ding)發(fa)生滲漏，由于釘子等固定物所(suo)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)穿(chuan)孔，內(nei)襯(chen)層(ceng)則起不到防 護作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。
木(mu)制別墅屋(wu)(wu)頂(ding)(ding)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)是鋪(pu)設(she)好的屋(wu)(wu)頂(ding)(ding)上(shang)可見的*上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，為木(mu)屋(wu)(wu)別墅提供(gong)主要(yao)(yao)的防水(shui)(shui)隔(ge)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。除了要(yao)(yao)有必備的防水(shui)(shui)性(xing)能(neng)外，還要(yao)(yao)持(chi)久(jiu)耐(nai)用(yong)。對(dui)于斜坡屋(wu)(wu)頂(ding)(ding)而言，幾(ji)乎(hu)所(suo)有的屋(wu)(wu)頂(ding)(ding)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)都要(yao)(yao)依賴某種鋪(pu)迭方式來做為防風雨(yu)隔(ge)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。像內襯層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)一(yi)樣，瓦片(pian)是自下向上(shang)安裝(zhuang)的，逐層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)沿垂直與水(shui)(shui)平方向疊加。瀝青瓦片(pian)* 為常見，但(dan)也有其(qi)它(ta)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)制成的瓦片(pian)，包括石板瓦、粘土及(ji)(ji)混凝土瓦、木(mu)瓦及(ji)(ji)蓋屋(wu)(wu)板或(huo)金(jin)屬瓦。直立接縫與瓦楞板金(jin)屬屋(wu)(wu)頂(ding)(ding)通常由一(yi)整塊材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)制成，它(ta)的長度(du)從(cong)屋(wu)(wu)脊一(yi)直延伸到屋(wu)(wu)頂(ding)(ding)遮沿。緩坡屋(wu)(wu)頂(ding)(ding)采用(yong)許多不(bu)同的專用(yong)和非專用(yong)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，從(cong)單一(yi)到多層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)或(huo)膠合、機械固(gu)定、壓制而成；或(huo)熱鋪(pu)或(huo)冷涂(tu)(tu)系統，以(yi)滾筒涂(tu)(tu)抹或(huo)灌(guan)注的、透(tou)氣的或(huo)不(bu)透(tou)氣等。
上一篇：讓地板壽命更長的保養方法
下一篇：防腐木涼亭的優越性能
